The Irish
Volunteer
Official newsletter for the
116th Pennsylvania
4th California and
54th Massachusetts Infantry

January, 2006
Published by Mary L. Miller
 



Meetings 
and Drills
Dear Members of the 
116th PVI,
Remember that drill is set 
for this Saturday, 
January 14, 10:00 A.M. 
to noon at my home (1945 
Matthews Loop S Salem, 
OR 97302). Sunnyslope 
Park is at the base of the 
hill 1/2 block away. We 
will do facings, firing 
positions, marching, 
skirmish drill, stacking 
arms, etc. 
On February 11, 2006 we 
have a combination Drill, 
Civilian Meeting, Potluck, 
and Board Meeting, which 
is also at my home. The 
schedule is as follows:
Drill: 10 A.M. – Noon
Civilians:10 A.M. - Noon.
Potluck: Noon-1:30 P.M.
Board Meeting: 1:30-3:30
Please bring the 
following: 2006 
membership renewals and 
safety tests for board 
approval, as well as a main 
dish plus salad or dessert 
for the potluck. We will 
supply the meat and 
drinks.
Some of the issues before 
the board are: Chairman's 
and Treasurer's report, 
filling 2 board vacancies, 
and other issues. Please let 
me know if you have any 
interest in a board position.
Thanks,
John Baker, Secretary

Captain's 
report
Dear Gentlemen,
It appears that our first 
reenactment may not be 
until Willamette Mission 
this year. This will provide 
more opportunities for drill 
and season preparation. 
Please plan to attend Drill 
on January 14 and 
especially the February 11 
drill/potluck/board 
meeting. I am interested to 
hear your ideas for the 
direction of our club. Any 
thoughts at any time are 
welcome. You may contact 
me at:
John@NedBaker.com
503-364-6797 office
503-871-2624 moble
2339 State St, Salem, OR 
97301
John W. Baker, Captain
116th Pennsylvania 
Volunteer Infantry
Company B

Newsletter 
Change
Beginning with the 
February 2006 issue, the 
online versions of the Irish 
Volunteer will be available 
only in PDF and Word 
formats. The text-only 
version will no longer be 
offered. A link will be 
provided for those who do 
not have the free Acrobat 
Reader program to 
download it. If this is a 
problem for anyone the 
text format will be 
continued!! Please let the 
editor know if you DO 
need the text-only format 
(MLM116@att.net).

Directions to 
John Baker's 
House
1945 Matthews Loop S 
Salem, Or 97302
Traveling North on I-5:
Take the EXIT 249 onto 
Commercial St.
LEFT onto Kuebler Blvd 
SE.
RIGHT onto Croisan 
Scenic Way S.
RIGHT onto Justice Way 
S. which becomes 18th Pl.
LEFT onto Matthew's 
Loop S.
End at 1945 Matthews 
Loop S
Salem, OR 97302

Traveling South on I-5
Take EXIT 252 (Kuebler 
Blvd) and turn RIGHT 
onto Kuebler
RIGHT onto Croisan 
Scenic Way S.
RIGHT onto Justice Way 
S. which becomes 18th Pl.
LEFT onto Matthew's 
Loop S.
End at 1945 Matthews 
Loop S

Coming from Dallas:
Proceed south on 
Commercial Street and 
take the slight RIGHT onto 
Liberty Rd S.
RIGHT onto Cunningham 
Ln S.
LEFT onto Century Dr S.
LEFT onto Connector St.
RIGHT onto Matthew's 
Loop S.
End at 1945 Matthews 
Loop S
Membership 
Renewal
Please remember that 
membership renewals are 
now due! Please send your 
renewal forms in to our 
Secretary, John Baker, by 
February 1st, or bring them 
to the February 11th 
meeting. The form is 
available to download 
from the 116th website on 
the "Current Members" 
page. (www.116pvi.org).

Call for 
Presenters: 
School of the 
Reenactor
The 1st Oregon/20th Maine 
is proud to report that, in 
conjunction with the Fort 
Vancouver National 
Historic Site, we are 
hosting a School of the 
Reenactor event at Ft. 
Vancouver, similar to the 
one we did in April 2000. 
This has been confirmed 
for April 1 and 2, 2006.
We will use several 
meeting rooms and have 
full use of the Parade 
Ground for infantry, 
cavalry and artillery drill 
and even some firing. We 
plan on at least three 
sessions per hour on 
Saturday and much of 
Sunday. Presentations will 
cover as many topics as 
possible to improve our 
impressions and enrich our 
knowledge of Civil War 
history.
Classroom sessions will 
cover many topics and we 
are seeking individuals 
from other units who 
would like to give a 
presentation. We used this 
format 5 years ago and 
were extremely pleased 
with the results. If you 
would like to present a 
session on a specific topic, 
please let us know. This is 
NOT a soldier-only event. 
We plan on covering many 
topics related to civilian 
impressions as well.
This event is not a fund 
raiser for the First Oregon 
and the cost will be kept as 
low as possible. All profits 
will be donated to a Civil 
War-related charitable 
cause to be determined 
later. All presenters will 
receive free admission to 
this event. Sutlers will be 
invited as well.
If you are interested in 
doing a presentation please 
contact Greg Bohman at 
bluebelly65@yahoo.com 
or 541-520-7173.
For further information 
please contact Greg Moore 
at gggmoore@juno.com or 
503-283-8612

Recruiting 
for the 54th
By 1st Sgt. Aaron Harris
When we as reenactors 
think of the 54th it stirs up 
images of valor and pride 
beyond the call of duty and 
sacrifices from special 
men, but when you 
mention the 54th to the 
average person, most will 
say they didn't know about 
it. You have to bring up 
the movie Glory to stir 
some sign of familiarity, 
and even then they are 
uninformed. It is even 
worse with people of color. 
For me, it has been a 
source of pride to reenact 
as a member of this great 
unit – their spot in the 
history of this forgotten 
war should be told. What 
has been interesting has 
been the recruiting side of 
this unit, as most know we 
have only a handful that 
will show up at an event, 
but I have a phenomenal 
amount of interest. Many 
people I approach say "Its 
great!" and "We need to do 
this, I will be right there 
with you", but when it 
comes to showing up or 
getting out there the 
numbers and enthusiasm 
drop to little or nothing.
After much soul searching 
and a lot of questions of 
myself and others, my 
feelings and personal 
opinion is that a lot of 
African Americans are not 
into telling and showing 
the gritty and nasty part of 
our history, and if you 
can't use a car, house, 
motor home or hotel and 
catering service then its not 
for them. Most don't think 
history is important; "It's 
today that counts more 
than that" or "that was my 
family and I am not them." 
"Most don't want to stir 
those ashes." This was a 
saying of my late great 
grandmother. She was a 
baby during the aftermath 
of the war. I heard sayings 
from my late grandmother 
too – "let the dead be" and 
"don't bring that up, we 
moved away from there to 
be here to get away from 
it". For a good part of my 
young life I never 
understood what she 
meant, but now I do and I 
feel ashamed, angry and 
robbed of not knowing 
more.
I have found that a lot of 
African Americans living 
on the west coast and in 
the northwest, for the most 
part, don't want to be 
reminded of the Civil War. 
Their families left the 
south to get away from the 
prejudices that the war 
represents to them, and 
again its something that I 
understand. I don't like 
that though, because it's a 
part of our history and our 
heritage, and I find myself 
battling not only history, 
but family walls and 
barriers as well. It strikes 
me as odd that when I 
approach a person of color 
on this subject, 8 out of 10 
will say "why in the world 
would I want to do this?" 
and when I try to explain 
that its to honor those great 
soldiers, I get the brush off 
or it starts a big argument. 
"Its not the Tuskegee 
Airmen or the 555 Tank 
Brigade, or Dr. Martin 
Luther King Jr., or Jesse 
Jackson." My reply to this 
is "well it's because of the 
54th that these wonderful 
people had their chances to 
carry out what they have 
done in history". Don't get 
me wrong, they are all 
great in their own right, but 
none sacrificed as much as 
the men of the 54th and 
their families. They gave 
up business and left their 
farms to fight in the great 
war for this great cause –a 
hope and dream of 
freedom and equality for 
all. Had it not been for the 
vision of Governor J. A. 
Andrew, Fredrick 
Douglass (whose sons 
served in the 54th) and Col. 
Robert Gould Shaw and 
his family, this would not 
have happened. I keep 
getting reminded of the 
Buffalo Soldiers and I have 
to keep saying "Yes, they 
were a great unit with a lot 
of history too but they all 
came from the 54th", for if 
it were not for them the 
Buffalo Soldiers would not 
have existed (at least not as 
soon as they did).
I am reenacting to show 
my appreciation for what 
the 54th did so that I was 
able to serve in the service 
to protect my country and 
now my son is too. Our 
challenge is getting others 
to understand.
Battle Cry of 
Freedom: 
Book Review
By Mark Stevens
As the most written-about 
subject in American 
literature, almost every 
aspect of the Civil War has 
been studied in minute 
detail.  As reenacters, we 
also study the Civil War in 
directions that explore our 
own unit or our own 
interests.
Battle Cry of Freedom by 
James M. McPherson is 
the exact opposite of the 
above approach; it is a 
single-volume history of 
the Civil War.  Interestedly 
enough, among reenactors, 
many I have talked to 
OWN the book, but few 
have READ the book.  
Oddly, if I had to 
recommend just one book 
to someone to read on the 
Civil War, it would be this 
one.
McPherson takes the 
reader through the issues 
and events leading up to 
succession, the events of 
the war itself, and a brief 
summary of the costs and 
outcomes of the war. He 
does this in a highly 
readable style, and what is 
more, with a lot of great 
insight into the "why" of 
the actions.
Also unique to this work is 
the author's ability to set 
issues, people and events 
into an overall perspective, 
allowing the reader to see 
the importance and effects 
of items militarily, 
socially, politically, and 
diplomatically, both in the 
US and in the world. For 
example, the first several 
chapters explain the flaws 
in the U.S. Constitution 
that lead up to the majority 
of sectional and federal 
political crises. In 
particular, I really enjoyed 
the chapters on the 
political process leading to 
the formation of the 
Republican Party, and the 
analysis of the election of 
1860. The chapter on "the 
cause" of the war was also 
quite informative, and 
traces the many issues, 
slogans, and myths back to 
their origins. As it is not a 
military history, battles are 
covered more for their 
place in the context of 
strategic and overall 
progress of the war. Even 
so, the author summarizes 
the major conflicts well, 
and again, sets them into 
the big picture.
Know Nothings, 
Locofocos, Democrats, 
Whigs, Free-Soilers, who 
were these people, and 
what did they believe 
America to be? I can make 
some sense of issues that I 
should be very familiar 
with in a first person 
persona. Who did you vote 
for in 1860?
If a reader wishes to truly 
understand the Civil War, 
this would be a good book 
to start with. As a 
reenactor, we often hear 
many "truths" stated to the 
public. This book goes far 
in establishing much of the 
fact surround America's 
greatest emotional event.
Battle Cry of Freedom
James M McPherson
New York: Oxford 
University Press, 1988. 
903 pages.

A Tribute to 
Irish 
Abolitionists
Greetings to all my 
comrades in reenacting! I 
look forward to seeing you 
at many events this year. It 
is always a privilege to 
identify some of the 
unknown heroes and 
heroines of our nation's 
history. Such is the case 
in identifying Irish 
Abolitionists. For us as 
Civil War reenactors and 
researchers, there has been 
much discussion about 
Irish Americans and their 
gallant roles in the Civil 
War. The Irish Brigade, 
which consisted of the 
63rd New York, the 69th 
New York, the 88th New 
York, the 28th 
Massachusetts, and the 
116th Pennsylvania, are 
known for their dash and 
bravery in the Peninsular 
campaigns, and in the 
battles of Antietam and 
Fredericksburg. However, 
we often hear about Irish 
attitudes against those of 
African descend during 
slavery, their opposition 
against the Abolitionists, 
and their support of the 
Democratic party, which 
was the slave power party. 
Lesser known are the Irish 
Abolitionists.
Slaves escaping from the 
southern states moved to 
northern states and 
eventually Canada, looking 
for physical and economic 
freedom. Those who 
stayed in the northern 
urban areas faced hostility 
from Irish immigrants 
because of competition for 
jobs and economic 
stability. As the free black 
population increased in 
northern urban areas, there 
was more resentment from 
Irish immigrants. Both 
groups had escaped from 
oppressive systems, which 
meant new opportunities in 
northern urban areas on 
social, economical, and 
political levels. The 
tension between Irish-
Americans and those of 
African descent reached a 
climax in 1863, during the 
draft riots in New York 
City. Some Irishmen 
declared that the war was 
fought to preserve the 
Union and not to 
emancipate slaves. Even in 
the movie "Glory," 
Colonel Shaw selected an 
Irish sergeant to train his 
colored troops and one of 
his officers said, "you 
know that the Irish are not 
very favorable towards the 
colored." Consequently, 
today, one gets an 
impression of tensions 
between the Irish and those 
of African descent in pre-
Civil War times. However, 
is this the complete true 
story of Irish-African 
relations? Unfortunately, 
many historians have 
neglected to mention 
another perspective of the 
Irish experience in their 
relations to those of 
African descent, which 
was in the experience of 
the Irish Abolitionist.
The word Abolitionist 
comes from the word 
"abolish," which means "to 
put something to an end or 
to do away with it." 
Actually, one of the first 
persons to be known as an 
abolitionist was St Patrick 
of Ireland. St. Patrick was 
a slave himself for about 
six years in Ireland and 
after he was freed he 
returned to preach the 
Gospel of the Lord Jesus 
Christ in Ireland, 
converting many people. 
When Irish Christians 
(converts of Patrick) were 
captured and sold into 
slavery by one named 
Coroticus, Patrick wrote a 
letter to Coroticus 
demanding their freedom. 
Also, the word slavery 
comes from the word 
"Slav", so slavery was not 
confined to just one 
particular race of people. 
One may read more of 
Patrick's endeavors and 
slavery in "The Confession 
of St. Patrick and Letter to 
Coroticus" by John 
Skinner and John 
O'Donohue. 
There were Irish 
Abolitionists in the United 
States and Ireland in the 
Nineteenth Century. Many 
factors determine the 
origins of Abolitionism in 
the Nineteenth Century, 
which includes the cause 
for social justice and 
economics freedom for all 
people. However, the root 
of Abolitionism was in the 
religious revivals of the 
Second Great Awakening. 
The Second Great 
Awakening was a series of 
revivals similar to the First 
Great Awakening of the 
1740's, but it had better 
results. The Second Great 
Awakening was influential 
in attempting to create a 
"true Christian 
Republic" in the United 
States. This theory was 
based on the hope that God 
would favor a true 
Christian republic, 
meaning the United States, 
which would bring in the 
millennial era or the reign 
of Christ on the earth. 
Through the Second Great 
Awakening, slavery 
became a moral issue, and 
the ideology of becoming a 
perfect society instigated a 
new thought, which was 
known as Perfectionism. 
The preaching of 
Perfectionism was that 
people could live without 
sin and that they should 
not conform to the evils of 
society, including slavery. 
The doctrine of 
"perfectionism" was 
based on Matthew 5:48 
"Be ye therefore perfect, 
even as your Father 
which is in heaven is 
perfect." Some of the 
great preachers of 
perfectionism were Rev. 
Charles Grandison 
Finney, Rev. Asa Mahan, 
and Rev. Lyman Beecher.
Revivalists and reformers 
viewed the idea to create a 
true Christian republic 
within the United States as 
a moral crusade. 
Therefore, things that were 
considered wrong had to 
be made right, or "perfect". 
From the Biblical 
perspective, abolitionists 
believed that "slavery was 
contrary to such Christian 
principles as the sanctity 
and Equality of all 
individuals in the sight of 
God and compassion and 
brotherly love towards our 
fellow men," which is in 
reference to the Scriptures 
in Acts 17:26, Matthew 
7:12, and Luke 10:25-37. 
Acts 17:26 says, "and hath 
made of one blood all 
nations of men for to dwell 
on all the face of the 
earth," which determines 
the equality of all races of 
men. In Matthew 7:12, the 
Lord Jesus said 
"whatsoever ye would that 
men should do to you, do 
ye even so to them: for this 
is the law and the 
prophets," which shows 
the compassion of men 
towards one another. Luke 
10:25-37 is the parable 
about the Good Samaritan, 
which shows the 
equivalency of compassion 
for men in spite of their 
difference in ethnicity. 
Consequently, Irish 
Abolitionists, alone with 
other Abolitionists of 
various ethnicities in the 
United States, Scotland, 
and Ireland, spoke openly 
against the institutions of 
slavery in America and 
throughout the British 
Empire. These individuals 
were of the Protestant, 
Quaker, and Catholic faith. 
It is likely that there were 
doctrinal differences 
between those of the 
Protestant, Quaker, and 
Catholic faith but their 
belief in the equality of all 
men were grounded in the 
Holy Scriptures of the 
Bible.
With the outbreak of the 
Civil War, President 
Lincoln invited 
Archbishop Hughes to 
represent America as his 
envoy to France, Spain and 
England, hoping to 
dissuade them from aiding 
and abetting the 
Confederacy. Shortly after 
President Lincoln called 
for troops, the "Fighting 
69th" Regiment, lead by 
Colonel Michael Corcoran, 
Thomas Francis Meagher 
and former Congressman, 
U.S. Attorney and 
Abolitionist Captain John 
McKeon, headed off to 
what would be the Battle 
of Bull Run- They were 
the only Union regiment 
that did not flee. The New 
York Irish Brigade, mainly 
men of the parish, fought 
heroically for the Union 
and the abolition of 
slavery.
There were men of mixed 
Scot-Irish-English ancestry 
that preached against the 
institution of slavery in 
specific sermons. The most 
significant were Dr. 
Edward Dorr Griffin, 
Pastor Josephus Wheaton, 
Rev. Amos Augustus 
Phelps.
*Dr. Edward Dorr 
Griffin (1770-1837) 
preached a sermon entitled 
"A Plea for Africa" on 
October 26th, 1817. From 
1815 to 1821, he was the 
Pastor of the 2nd 
Presbyterian Church in 
Newark, New Jersey. His 
sermon was based on the 
Scriptural verse in Psalm 
68:31, "Princes shall 
come out of Egypt; 
Ethiopia shall soon 
stretch out her hands 
unto God."
*Pastor Josephus 
Wheaton (1788-1825) was 
pastor of the First 
Congregationalist church 
in Holliston, 
Massachusetts from 1815 
to 1825. On April 6th, 
1820, Pastor Wheaton 
preached a sermon entitled 
"the Equality of Mankind 
and the Evils of Slavery," 
The Scriptural base of his 
sermon was Acts 17:26, 
"And hath made of one 
blood all nations of men 
for to dwell on all the 
face of the earth."
*Rev. Amos Augustus 
Phelps, (1805-1847) was 
pastor of the Pine Street 
Congregationalist Church 
located in Boston, 
Massachusetts. In 1834, 
Rev Phelps wrote 
"Lectures on Slavery and 
Its Remedy," which was 
supported by 124 pastors 
and ministers from 
throughout the northern 
states. Some of those most 
famous pastors and 
ministers were Joshua 
Leavitt, Theodore Dwight 
Weld, John Rankin, Asa 
Mahan, Beriah Green, 
Samuel Joseph May, and 
Elizur Wright Jr.
Nevertheless, some of the 
most famous Irish 
Abolitionists in the United 
States were William Lloyd 
Garrison,  Abby (Abigail) 
Kelly Foster, James 
Gillespie Birney, and Rev. 
William King.
William Lloyd Garrison, 
(1805-1879), Irish Baptist 
Abolitionist. He was the 
editor of The Liberator, in 
which he called for "the 
immediate emancipation" 
of slaves on January 1st, 
1831. In January 1832, he 
found the New England 
Anti-Slavery Society. On 
August 1st, 1833, he was 
in England supporting the 
ending of slavery in the 
British Empire. On 
December 6th, 1833, he 
drafted "the Declaration of 
Sentiments" for the 
American Anti-Slavery 
Society. In 1834, he wrote 
"Thoughts on African 
Colonization," which was 
against the policy of the 
American Colonization 
Society to deport free 
blacks to Africa. He used 
the scriptural base "the 
Sermon on the Mount and 
the Good Samaritan."
Helen Eliza Benson 
Garrison, (1811-1876): a 
religious woman and wife 
of Garrison. Her father 
George Benson was the 
President of the New 
England Anti-Slavery 
Society. She and Garrison 
were married on 
September 4, 1834. They 
had four sons and one 
daughter. The Garrison 
home was an Abolitionist 
household and their 
children were raised as 
Abolitionists. Their oldest 
son, George Thompson 
Garrison, was named after 
British Abolitionist George 
Thompson and was a 
captain in the 55th 
Massachusetts Colored 
Infantry.
Abby (Abigail) Kelly 
Foster: Irish Quaker 
Abolitionist. The daughter 
of Irish Quakers, Abby 
studied the Bible as a 
youth and was educated at 
the Friends' School in 
Providence, R.I. She 
became a schoolteacher 
and showed gifts of 
eloquence and public 
presence. Abolitionists 
William Lloyd Garrison 
and Theodore D. Weld 
urged her to join their 
cause. Therefore, in 1837, 
she became an antislavery 
lecturer--the first woman 
to do so after the Grimké 
sisters, and the first woman 
to face mixed and often 
hostile audiences under the 
same conditions as men. 
On the Anti-Slavery 
lecture tour, Abby worked 
with Frederick Douglass 
and Sojourner Truth. She 
preferred to tour with black 
speakers. In 1845, she 
married Stephen S. Foster, 
an Abolitionist writer.
*James Gillespie Birney, 
(1792-1857): Irish 
Presbyterian Southern 
Abolitionist. He was born 
in Danville, Kentucky to a 
Presbyterian family who 
opposed slavery. His 
parents, James Birney and 
Mary Reed, were from 
Ireland. He freed his slaves 
in 1834 and moved to Ohio 
and later New York. He 
was active in the American 
Anti-Slavery Society and 
presidential candidate for 
the Liberty Party in 1840 
and 1844. James married 
twice and fathered twelve 
children. Two of his sons 
were generals in the Union 
army, David Bell Birney 
(1825-1864) and William 
Birney (1810-1907). They 
also commanded portions 
of colored troops during 
the war.
Rev. William King, an 
Irish-born Presbyterian 
minister, immigrated to the 
United States in 1834 and 
settled in Louisiana. 
Though he opposed 
servitude, and spoke out 
against it publicly, he 
married a woman who 
owned slaves and who 
brought them into their 
home. After the deaths of 
his wife and her father, 
King inherited 15 slaves 
and took them to Ontario, 
where he set them free. He 
also went to the governor 
general, Lord Elgin, with a 
plan to secure land and 
build homes, churches and 
schools for refugees from 
Southern slavery. A 
sympathetic Lord Elgin 
granted 9,000 acres -- a 
piece of land six miles 
long and three miles wide -
- for the Elgin Settlement, 
where black families could 
buy 50-acre farms. At its 
peak the settlement had 
about 2,000 residents. Rev. 
King also established a 
school that emphasized a 
classical education, 
including Greek and Latin. 
It developed such an 
excellent reputation that it 
attracted dozens of white 
pupils and became one of 
the first integrated schools 
in North America. The 
Elgin Settlement later 
became known as Buxton, 
named for the founder of 
Britain's Anti-Slavery 
Society.
As we mentioned, there 
were Abolitionists in 
Ireland and many of them 
were Quakers. They were 
Richard Davis Webb, 
Richard Allen, Maria 
Webb, James Haughton, 
Henry Wigham, William 
Bell, Edward Carroll, 
Benjamin Clark-Fisher, 
and Hannah Wakefield. 
However, the Irish patriot 
Daniel O'Connell was an  
Abolitionist Catholic. 
O'Connell sought for 
Catholic emancipation and 
emancipation of the slaves 
in the United States. In 
1841, Daniel O'Connell 
and 70,000 Irishmen 
signed a petition asking 
their countrymen in the 
United States to support 
Abolitionism and accept 
those of African descend 
as their equals. Also, those 
Irishmen formed the Irish 
Ladies' Anti-Slavery 
Society, Hibernian Anti-
Slavery Society based in 
Dublin, and the Dublin 
Ladies Anti-Slavery 
Society. 
Richard Allen (Irish 
abolitionist) 
Correspondent in Dublin, 
of Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 
Worked with James 
Haughton. In the summer 
1841 helped American 
abolitionists tour Ireland, 
and helped draw up an 
Irish anti-slavery petition.
James Haughton (Irish 
abolitionist) was an Irish 
Unitarian grain merchant 
and anti-slavery activist in 
Dublin, and a regular 
correspondent of 
Garrison's Liberator. He 
supported the Repeal (of 
the Act of Union), and 
founded the Hibernian 
Anti-Slavery Society. 
In conclusion, we have 
attempted to identify some 
of the unknown heroes and 
heroines of Irish 
Abolitionism in the 
Nineteenth Century. It is 
likely that there were many 
more but the point is to 
show that there were those 
of Irish ethnicity who 
spoke out against slavery. 
Keep in the mind that the 
root of Abolitionism was 
in the religious revivals of 
the Second Great 
Awakening and in the 
Holy Scriptures of the 
Bible.
From your servant in the 
Lord Jesus Christ of the 
Bible, 
Daniel E. Hayes Jr.  
Chaplain of the 116th 
Pennsylvania/54th 
Massachusetts


8


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